NPV, ROI and Payback Period are often treated as interchangeable ways to justify an investment. They are not, as each answers a different decision question. This guide explains when to use each and why using the wrong one creates false confidence.
Realized ROI (or Real ROI) focuses on the value actually delivered after approval, not the forecast used to justify the decision. This guide explains how to measure Real ROI, avoid common pitfalls, and close the gap between promise and outcome.
Most organisations treat ROI as something that matters only until approval. But when ROI is tracked after the fact, something interesting happens; incentives change, assumptions improve, and business cases become more honest from the start.
Hurdle rates and discount rates are often wrongly treated as being the same thing, but they serve very different purposes. In this guide, we explain the distinction, why it matters, and how confusing them can lead to distorted investment decisions.
